Year in Review: Environmental issues that caught shipping’s eye in 2019

The draft amendments bring forward the entry into effect date of phase 3 to 2022, from 2025, for several ship types, including gas carriers, general cargo ships and LNG carriers. This means that new ships built from that date must be significantly more energy efficient than the baseline.

It also adopted 2019 Guidelines for consistent implementation of the 0.50% sulphur limit under MARPOL Annex VI  - with sections on the impact on fuel and machinery systems resulting from new fuel blends or fuel types; verification issues and control mechanism and actions, including port State control and samples of fuel oil used on board; a standard reporting format for fuel oil non-availability (fuel oil non-availability report (FONAR); and possible safety implications relating to fuel oils meeting the 0.50% sulphur limit.

Alternative solutions

With shipping striving to find innovative solutions to reduce emissions, new alternative fuels and technologies have emerged, to help the sector achieve its goals.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is considered by many as a promising potential fuel of the future in a decarbonized shipping industry. In fact, 2019 saw many hydrogen projects emerge, aiming to promote the fuel:

• MOL and e5 Lab are collaborating to develop and promote electrically powered zero emission vessels. The parties will perform a joint study of a hybrid pure car carrier equipped with a hydrogen fuel cell system and large-capacity batteries (hydrogen hybrid PCC);
• Port of Amsterdam has become a partner in the European project H2Ships. This Interreg North-West Europe project focuses on establishing the essential conditions for a successful market introduction of hydrogen as a fuel for shipping;
• Havyard is working towards a hydrogen system pilot for large ships. According to the project manager for the Havyard Group’s FreeCO2ast project, Kristian Osnes, fuel cells have similarities with the battery technology, which makes it able to take the zero-emissions goal one step further.

Biofuels

Except from hydrogen, biofuels have also experienced a surge in 2019. Currently, there is a potential for shipping to use sustainable biofuels, whilst sustainable bio-feedstocks are underutilized, according to a report by the Sustainable Shipping Initiative (SSI).

Jumping on the biofuels-train, IKEA Transport & Logistics Services, CMA CGM, and the GoodShipping Program announced the successful completion of their 2019 biofuel test programme on CMA CGM vessels, following the positive trials of HFO-equivalent Bio-Fuel Oil (GoodFuels BFO) during CMA CGM Alexander Vob Humboldt’s North Europe-Asia trip, which took place in September and October 2019.

What is more, Hurtigruten has also started testing Biodiesel on board the ship MS Polarlys. This fuel can potentially reduce emissions up to 95% in comparison to traditional fuels, the company notes.

Nevertheless, the report from SSI notes that biofuel use would be higher in 2030 than 2050, implying this is a short rather than long-term solution. Specifically, it was suggested that a biomass-based decarbonisation pathway for shipping comes with considerable supply risks and as a consequence also poses risks related to their price.

BWM: What’s new

During November the USCG issued the latest 24th U.S. Coast Guard Ballast Water Management System Type Approval Certificate to HANLA IMS Co., Ltd., while a few days earlier it granted the 23^rd Type Approval to Miura Co., Ltd. In total, during 2019, USCG granted a total of 9 Type Approvals. So far, Miura Co., Ltd., Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., COSCO Shipbuilding Industry Co., Ltd, Alfa Laval Tumba AB, Wärtsilä Water Systems, Ltd., DESMI Ocean Guard A/S, Envirocleanse LLC, De Nora, Panasia, JFE Engineering Corporation, Headway Technology, Alfa Laval, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Wärtsilä Water Systems, BIO-UV Group , Samsung Heavy Industries Co, Techcross, Optimarin, TeamTec Ocean Saver, Sunrui, Ecochlor, Erma First, Alfa Laval Tumba and Cathelco Ltd. have won the USCG type approval. have Type Approval Certificates.

USCG is now working on a draft policy letter for accepting test methods that measure viability of organisms when conducting Ballast Water Management System type approval testing. With this act, USCG is required to draft a policy letter for testing BWMS within 180 days, followed by a 90 day comment period.

Shipping recycling updates

Shipping may have shed all of its focus on the 2020 sulphur cap, however, important updates in the area of ship recycling are expected as well.

Namely, from 1^st January 2020, the Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) will become effective, bringing changes for which operators need to be aware of for compliance with the requirements of both Hong Kong Convention and EU-Ship Recycling Regulation.

As for the Hong Kong Convention, it has not entered into force yet. It will do so 24 months after ratification by 15 States, representing 40% of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, combined maximum annual ship recycling volume not less than 3% of their combined tonnage.

However, the ship recycling industry has a long way in order to improve. The ship breaking activity in developing countries, such as India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, has been subject to criticism because of the negative impacts the industry has on the environment and workers.

As a matter of fact, a report by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in Mumbai found that there have been little improvements in the shipbreaking yards with regards to working conditions. It also presents several breaches of the national legal framework.

Examining the welfare of workers at the ship breaking yards in Alang-Sosiya (ASSBY), the report found that:

• 89% of workers do not receive housing facility from the plot owners even though they are migrant workers;
• The majority of the workers live in and around the ship breaking area in rented shanty dwellings usually without adequate facilities for potable water, sanitation, electricity, drainage systems and education for their children;
• 7 toilets have been constructed by the GMB for workers use but most of them are not properly managed and 56% workers are forced to go for open defecation. Whilst 45% of the interviewed workers have access to toilets at the yard where they work, another 45% do not have access to a toilet facility in their yard. 7% have informed that the toilet in their work place is generally locked, thus they cannot use the facility, whereas 3% find the toilet in their yard very unhygienic;
• 59% of workers pay for water service in their living areas.

Ending plastics

It is no secret nowadays that our planet is in danger because of human actions. Natural habitats are at risk due to people’s lack of sensitivity and awareness. A prime example of this? The garbage island in the Pacific.

According to researchers from the Ocean Cleanup project, the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometers. The plastic concentration is estimated to be up to 100 kilograms per square kilometer in the center, going down to 10 kilograms per square kilometer in the outer parts of the patch. What is worst, this garbage patch is actually accumulating.

To give a solution to this problem, the Ocean Cleanup began its effort to gather collect the garbage. The organization used the System 001, also known as Wilson, but it faced technical challenges.

Despite this setback, the Ocean Cleanup managed to address this difficulty, and launched System 001/B in late June, followed by a six-week testing campaign.

In the same wavelength, EU aspires to clean up beaches across Europe and the world. To achieve this, it will collaborate with local communities to clean up marine litter as part of the #EUBeachCleanUp campaign. Launched on 19 August, this year's campaign will run through October, with actions taking place in more than 80 countries, on all populated continents.

In another major milestone, India announced that it will ban the use of single use plastics on board Indian ships and foreign ships, when these ships are at a port or place in India. The ban will take effect from 1 January 2020.

COP 25

Ending the year on a high note, one of the most important Climate Change Conferences took place in Madrid, opening on December 2.

After two weeks of intense negotiations, few countries came up with any carbon targets, and talks were characterized by squabbling over technical details.

Commenting on the outcome of the discussion, the UN Secretary General, António Guterres, expressed disappointment for the overall result, despite some progress made by the private sector and regional governments.

I am disappointed with the results of COP 25. The international community lost an important opportunity to show increased ambition on mitigation, adaptation & finance to tackle the climate crisis. But we must not give up, and I will not give up

The most notable outcome was a modest agreement highlighting the ''urgent need'' to bridge the gap between greenhouse gas targets set in Paris Agreement and scientific advice that says much deeper cuts are needed.

Negotiations went overtime as no tangible result was reached. On Saturday evening, there was still no sign of progress, prompting acclaimed 16-year-old activist Greta Thunberg, to state:

It seems like COP25 in Madrid is falling apart right now. The science is clear, but the science is being ignored