The transfer of invasive aquatic species by means of global shipping activity has long been recognised as a significant threat to the world’s oceans and coastal ecosystems. If invasive species become established in a new ecosystem, they may adversely affect the environment or damage property and marine resources.
Invasive Aquatic Species or IAS are introduced to new environments by ships mainly through ballast water and hull fouling. Over the past 15 years, the attention of the shipping community has necessarily been focussed of getting the BWM Convention up and running, however, with the implementation of the convention now very much in progress, legislators and environmental groups are increasingly switching their attention to hull biofouling as an important vector for the transfer of IAS.
What is biofouling?
Biofouling is the undesirable accumulation of various aquatic organisms on ship’s hulls and all ships will be affected to some degree. The types of fouling are broadly categorised as microfouling –microscopic organisms including bacteria and diatoms producing a slime layer on the hull – and macrofouling being larger organisms visible to the human eye such as barnacles, tubeworms and fronds of algae.
Biofouling as a vector for transferring IAS
These plants and animals will hitch a free ride on ships to a completely new geographical area and if they survive the journey have the potential to establish a reproductive population and out-competing or even eradicating native species.
Some studies have suggested that hull biofouling is a far more important vector for the transfer of invasive species than ballast water. In New Zealand, for example, it is stated that around 87% of non-indigenous marine species are associated with biofouling on international vessels.
So what are we doing about it?
The aim is to keep a clean hull. The benefits are not just environmental as a clean hull will maintain the hydrodynamic performance of the vessel and with that, improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions of GHG.
Traditionally, we have been combating hull fouling principally by means of anti-fouling coatings of which a tremendous amount of work is invested into making them more effective and environmentally safe. But if not carefully managed, these systems are likely to fail allowing the development of excessive fouling.
Apart from maintenance standards, hull biofouling is influenced by other factors, such as operating profile, trading routes, operational speed/idle time and the design and construction of the hull, particularly so called “niche areas” [including sea chests, hull recesses, bow and stern thrusters, rudder hinges].
IMO
The potential for IAS being transferred through biofouling and causing harm has long been recognized by IMO and in 2011 adopted Guidelines for the control and management of ships biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species
The guidelines are intended to provide a practical, globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling by the implementation of biofouling management practices. These include the following essential elements for all ships:
- A ship specific biofouling management plan
- Biofouling record book
- Installation and maintenance of anti-fouling systems
- In-water inspection, cleaning and maintenance
- Design and construction
- Training and education
Regional Biofouling regulations
It is important to remember that the IMO Guidelines are presently not mandatory but Port, Flag and Coastal States should exercise due diligence to implement the Guidelines to the maximum extent possible. In effect, the control of vessel biofouling remains largely voluntary. However the absence of an international regulatory framework for minimizing the transfer of IAS through biofouling has resulted in a number of local governments developing their own unilateral regulations or requirements, most notably:
- New Zealand
- Australia
- United States – US Federal Law
- The state of California
The legislative requirements and manner in which they are applied vary but are broadly referenced to IMO’s Biofouling guidelines. However the consequences of non-compliance are potentially very serious. We may look at how one government has approached the matter.
New Zealand
New Zealand introduced mandatory requirements for management of biofouling risks associated with ships entering their territorial waters in the form of the Craft Risk Management Standard (CRMS) which entered into force in May 2018. The CRMS is implemented and monitored by the Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) and specifies that operators must take measures to ensure a clean hull before a ship arrives in New Zealand territorial waters.
The “clean hull” standard is met through either:
- Cleaning the hull less than 30 days before arrival
- Cleaning within 24 hours of arrival
- Continual maintenance using best practice (IMO biofouling guidelines)
The second option is not practically available as there are no dry docking facilities for large vessels and in-water cleaning is prohibited. The MPI therefore encourages short-stay vessels meet biofouling thresholds by doing continual maintenance.
MPI Biofouling threshold
The clean hull biofouling threshold is described in some detail in MPI Guidance documents and it will be noted that some biofouling is permitted of a limited nature and extent. Particular emphasis is given to the management of niche areas around the hull.
Compliance
To demonstrate compliance, short stay vessels will need to present information on the following to the MPI:
- The biofouling management plan and record book
- Evidence of renewal or application of an anti-fouling coating system
- Reports from the most recent hull and niche area inspections and cleaning
- Vessel operational history
- Records of contingency planning on clean hulls
Upon the basis of information provided, arriving vessels will be risk assessed and assigned a biofouling risk rating. With regard to in-water hull and niche area inspections and cleaning, the MPI will expect to see reports supported by date stamped photographs and/or video.
What happens in the event of non-compliance?
Vessels that cannot prove they are compliant with the standard may be subject to a dive inspection. If non-compliance is confirmed, it is likely the vessel will be ordered to leave the territorial waters and not re-enter until hull cleaning has been carried out. We are aware of at least two incidents where vessels were directed to leave NZ territorial waters for heavy biofouling and three others had their itineraries shortened since the regulations came into force.
The future – what can we expect?
High levels of shipping activity will continue to provide means for aquatic organisms to transfer from one place to another. Some of these organisms are highly adaptive, resilient and destructive.
Until such time IMO’s Guidelines become mandatory, there is the possibility that other governments will introduce their own unilateral regulatory requirements, potentially creating an inconsistent approach and confusion.
Charter party disputes in relation to delays and additional cleaning costs can be expected.
With regard to the impact on P&I, there is the potential for fines for non-compliance as well as perhaps liabilities for the disposal of biohazard waste.
..and what should we be doing?
Raise awareness to biofouling hazards, with emphasis on training and best practice
It is recommended that ship managers be pro-active in creating Biofouling Management Plans for internationally trading vessels.
Adopt a broader view of hull maintenance and cleaning regimes to both improve efficiencies and protect the environment – a real win-win situation.
Above text is an edited article of Mr. Nichol's presentation during the 2019 GREEN4SEA Conference.
You may view his presentation herebelow:
The views presented hereabove are only those of the author and not necessarily those of SAFETY4SEA and are for information sharing and discussion purposes only.
About David Nichol, Senior Loss Prevention Executive, UK
David Nichol is a master mariner with 39 years of experience in the shipping industry. After sea service on tankers, bulk carriers and OBO’s, he worked as a ship surveyor and marine consultant for 18 years performing a wide range of casualty investigations, ship inspections and cargo surveys, with the majority of assignments being P&I related. From 2010, he was employed as a P&I Club senior claims executive before joining the loss prevention department of the UK P&I Club 3 years ago. David is based is the UK Club’s Piraeus office assisting members with loss prevention advice, training and education initiatives, as well as carrying out regular shipboard P&I risk assessments
