Diving in icy water is extremely dangerous to humans. To protect US Navy divers operating in freezing conditions, the US Office of Naval Research (ONR) is sponsoring work to design a wetsuit mirroring the insulating properties of animal blubber, allowing divers to swim in frozen waters for longer periods of time.
This kind of research is especially important as more Arctic sea lanes open up and the Navy increases its readiness to operate in that part of the world. Whether it’s special operations; search and rescue; or ship repair, maintenance and salvage, finding ways to increase divers’ time and effectiveness in the ice is a priority,
…said Maria Medeiros, a program officer in ONR’s Sea Warfare and Weapons Department.
The work is being conducted by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and George Mason University, who have developed a wetsuit infused with an artificial blubber layer that can triple the endurance time of divers in frozen lakes, rivers or oceans.
The project, led by two MIT professors, Dr. Michael Strano and Dr. Jacopo Buongiorno, focuses on neoprene wetsuits. Neoprene is the most common material used to make wetsuits, and is a synthetic rubber resembling a thick foam with numerous air pockets. These pockets slow the transfer of heat from the body into the surrounding cold water.
Strano and Buongiorno found that by substituting air with various heavy inert gasses, which are non-toxic, don’t have negative chemical reactions, and don’t burn or explode, they created a more efficient, artificial blubber layer within the wetsuit. This increased suit effectiveness in 10-degree-Celsius water from under an hour to multiple hours.
To do so, Strano and Buongiorno placed a neoprene wetsuit in a sealed, specially designed tank the size of a beer keg—and pumped the container with heavy inert gasses for several hours.
Laboratory tests showed the newly pressurized wetsuit kept its insulating properties for over 20 hours after treatment, far longer than divers usually spend in frigid waters. The treatment also could be done in advance of a dive, with the wetsuit placed in a bag to be opened just before use. In such cases, the 20-hour countdown didn’t start until the suit was removed from the bag.
Strano and Buongiorno examined diverse animal methods for enduring cold water—air pockets in fur or feathers (otters and penguins), internally generated heat (mammals and fish), or a layer of insulating material slowing heat loss from the body (seal and whale blubber). Their wetsuit design reflects the latter two methods.
The wetsuit research falls under ONR’s Naval Enterprise Partnership Teaming with Universities for National Excellence (NEPTUNE) program, which helps the Navy and Marine Corps discover ways to improve energy conservation, generate renewable energy and implement energy-efficient technologies—while giving active-duty military, military students and veterans the chance to immerse themselves in university-level research.
