Haemorrhoids have been identified as a cause of seafarer repatriation across various studies, and the UK Club provides an overview of this problem.
Haemorrhoids (or piles) are abnormally enlarged veins in the walls of the rectum and anus. Internal haemorrhoids are situated on the bowel side of the sphincter muscle and appear only when straining to empty the bowels. External haemorrhoids are found in the region of the sphincter muscles and can normally be seen protruding from the anus as purple bulges. In many cases, haemorrhoids do not cause symptoms, and some people may not even realise they have them.
Symptoms
- Bleeding after passing a stool (the blood is usually bright red);
- Itching around the anus;
- A lump hanging down outside of the anus, which may need to be pushed back in, after passing a stool;
- A mucus discharge after passing a stool;
- Pain, soreness, redness and/or swelling around your anus;
What causes haemorrhoids?
Haemorrhoids is unclear, but they are associated with increased pressure in the blood vessels in and around the anus. This pressure can cause the blood vessels in the back passage to become swollen and inflamed.
Many cases are thought to be caused by too much straining on the toilet, due to prolonged constipation – this is often due to a lack of fibre in the diet. Chronic (long-term) diarrhoea can also make you more vulnerable to getting haemorrhoids.
Prevention
Making lifestyle changes to reduce the strain on the blood vessels in and around the anus is often recommended. Lifestyle changes can include:
- Gradually increasing the amount of fibre in the diet – good sources of fibre include fruit, vegetables, wholegrain
rice, whole wheat pasta and bread, pulses and beans, seeds, nuts and oats; - Drinking plenty of fluid – particularly water, but avoiding or cutting down on caffeine and alcohol;
- Not delaying going to the toilet – ignoring the urge to empty the bowels can make stools harder and drier, which can lead to straining when the bowel is finally emptied;
- Keeping the anus clean and dry;
- Avoiding medication that causes constipation – such as painkillers that contain codeine;
- Reducing weight (if overweight);
- Exercising regularly – can help prevent constipation, reduce blood pressure and help lose weight.
Treatment
Medication that can be applied directly (known as topical treatments) or tablets bought from a pharmacy or prescribed by a doctor may ease the symptoms and make it easier to pass stools. Cold packs on the affected area can also be used to ease discomfort.
Common hospital treatments include the following:
- Rubber band ligation: a band is placed around the piles to make them drop off;
- Sclerotherapy: a liquid is injected into the piles to make them shrink;
- Electrotherapy: a gentle electric current is applied to the piles to make them shrink;
- Infrared coagulation: an infrared light is used to cut the blood supply to the piles to make them shrink.
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